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PUBLIC EDDCATION AND RELIGION. 




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DELIVEEED JUNE 23, 1867, 



BY 



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E. 0. HAVEN, D. D. LL. D., 

President of the University of Michigan. 



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ANN ARBOR: 

DR. chase's steam PRINTING HOUSE. 

1867. 



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Jl 6 ^ '7 c 13 







SERMON 



Matt, yn, 24. Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine and doeth 
them, I will liken him unto a wise man which built his house upon a 
rock. 

The simple fact that it is customary in our American Uni- 
versities when students have completed their course of general 
and disciplinary study, for the President to preach to them on 
the Sabbath what is called a Baccalaureate Sermon, is proof 
that a profound religious sentiment was entertained by the 
founders of our first universities. The motto of the oldest 
college in North America is '' Christo et Ecclesiae," and the 
spirit of that motto, to a great extent, permeates all our col- 
leges. You are about to graduate from a University conducted 
by the State, and which received its existence from the nation 
— a nation whose destiny it is to solve practically the difiicult 
problem how to favor religion and to be religious, and at the 
same time guarantee to all perfect freedom of religious opin- 
ion and practice. Its institutions most partake of its own 
character, sharing in its difficulties and its advantages, and in 
no particular is this characteristic more conspicuous than in 
their relations to religion. 

In other lands many, and in this country a few, cautious 
defenders of Christianity, more technical than comprehensive 
in their opinions, have maintained that a nation allowing com- 
plete religious freedom must of necessity become indifferent 
to religious truth and error, and practically irreligious and 
atheistic. Some, while they recoil from this conclusion with 
regard to the nation in general, still insist that this fatal neces- 
sity exists in regard to public schools created and sustained by 



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the State alone ; and many who reject this conclusion with 
reference to the public schools for children, still insist that this 
must be the fact in regard to State Universities. 

'Now if logic is to decide this problem in one particular it 
mast in all. The premises are the same, the conclusions must 
be identical. If the University, supported by the State, must 
be indifferent to religion, then so must be all the public schools, 
so also the nation. But if either is not under this fatal neces- 
sity, all are emancipated from it. 

Some who pronounce the theoretical objection to our Gov- 
ernment unanswerable, allow that facts in this country do not 
substantiate the logic, and therefore pronounce the opinion 
false, though they confess themselves unable to detect the fal- 
lacy in the premises or conclusion. Nations that allow perfect 
freedom in religion, they say, ought, logically, to be irreligious; 
if this country is not so there must be some peculiar accidental 
occasion or cause why it is not so, for the present, while in the 
end religion will be banished from the State and all its institu- 
tions. 

These men fall into the great error of supposing that religious 
truths must be upheld by the governmental machinery of na- 
tions. They do not comprehend the profound thought of 
Christ in his announcement, "my kingdom is not of this world." 
God has a kingdom of which Jesus Christ is the appointed 
Head, "idiich began to exist before human governments were 
formed, and exists and maintains its power independent of all 
human institutions. It has had various organizations of its 
own, and has now the Christian Church, but in its prime au- 
thority it is seated on the throne of the human heart, main- 
tained there by the energy of the Holy Spirit, emanating from 
the Father and from the Son, and while God is, and man exists, 
not totally abandoned and ruined, that kingdom must abide. 
All that this kingdom asks of human governments is, that they 
should not oppose its demands by inflicting pains or penalties 
upon its subjects, who are cultivating righteousness by prayer 
and good works, and that it shall not encourage its enemies by 
rewarding unrighteousness and giving exclusive privileges to 



those who either oppose or stand aloof from Christianity. In 
other words it asks only protection and a fair field in which to 
exercise its spiritual forces. 

With such equal privileges it undertakes to attack, overcome 
and annihilate its enemies, not by physical force, not by bodily 
pains and penalties, not by claiming exclusive privileges, not 
by ridicule and sarcasm chiefly, but by the positive exhibition 
of its own intrinsic loveliness, by appealing to the conscience, 
by informing the mind, by removing much wretchedness and 
sorrow, and converting inevitable evil into good ; by demon- 
strating on the largest scale that it supplies the great wants of 
humanity and furnishes precisely w^hat every man needs and 
ought to desire. 

If this is Christianity, and if this is its relation to human 
government, we are prepared to expect that precisely where 
human government confines itself most perfectly to its own 
sj^here — to protect life and property and liberty, and encourage 
order and industry — there the spiritual kingdom of God, em- 
ploying its own forces through its own organizations, will be 
the most successful in winning the attention, admiration and 
obedience of men, and finally, acting through individuals, in 
giving to the government itself a positively christian character. 
This we do see. And in our own nation is the most conspicu- 
ous demonstration of this truth. 

In looking at the facts in the history of our own country 
which illustrate this proposition, we should remember the pecu- 
liar and strong obstacles which the religion of Christ has been 
compelled here to oppose. First among these has been the 
tendency to outlawry and barbarism in a nomadic and wilder- 
ness life. Our area has been. practically unlimited. The pres- 
sure of territorial restrictions has been removed. A boundless 
wilderness has been opened up before a few people. They 
have scattered by colonies, squads, families and individuals, 
through the valleys, along the water courses, on the hills and 
over the prairies. They have gone, by overland journeys and 
by long sea voyages, farther from our own centres of travel 
and learning than the most adventuresome of ancient days ever 



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traveled, either for spoils or information. This has constantly 
created a tendency towards rudeness, unculture and the loss 
of christian character. Were the population of these United 
States gathered into Xew York and Pennsylvania, and had they 
never expanded beyond the limits of these two States, they 
would have been relieved from much extra labor, and it would 
have been easier to sustain education, art and religion, as in the 
great nations of Europe in which Christianity has most con- 
spicously excited its power. In such a case we should not have 
been scourged by a civil war. Who can estimate what might 
have been the triumphs of christian civilization among us, un- 
trammeled as now ? 

Another difficulty peculiar to us, at least in its form, has been 
the heterogeneity of the origin of our population in nationality, 
language, custom, and in church connection and prejudice. 

This heterogeneity of origin and language has also transfer- 
red to our shores those various church organizations which 
were engendered in other lands and other times in fierce con- 
tests, or as reactions against abuses and tyranny, and which, 
transplanted to these shores, have in some instances expanded 
into strange growths, and sought to perpetuate prejudices and 
customs, the occasion for which does not here exist. 

Under the perfect freedom of our government also the wild- 
est conceits of eccentric minds have had opportunity to test 
their power for good or evil as in no other country. Shakers, 
Oneida Communities, Mormons, and other insane associations, 
are allowed to violate the laws of decency even, so long as they 
do not interfere with other people. All this tends to distract 
the attention of the feeble-minded, and to fling contempt upon 
genuine religion. 

Still in the midst of all these abuses, having a fair field to 
work in, the religion of Jesus Christ has made more advance- 
ment in these United States during the past century than in 
any other part of the world, and to-day, if the headquarters of 
the church in its great enterprise of evangelising the world are 
to be sought in any one nation, it is in this country. 

Now, young men, without time to elaborate or fortify these 
positions, any farther than to assert them and to ask you to 



verify them by a mental glance over the nations of Christen- 
dom, and believing that the preponderating mental and moral 
influence of the civilized world is to flow out from this country 
during the next century, I shall ask your attention for an 
hour to a consideration of the question ; What are the pecu- 
liar claims of Christianity upon our young men of thought and 
education ? 

Let us consider this subject simply upon the basis of human 
reason. 

Every thing strives after its own perfection. This is an ulti- 
mate fact, reached not by the reason primarily, but by induc- 
tion. After, however, it is reached by induction, the reason 
approves and admires this law. It is universal in its compre- 
hension. Even inorganic things seem to be striving after 
their own perfection. The forces which make them seem to be 
constantly employing their energies to work out their best 
results. 

In illustrating this law, if it is universal, it matters not where 
we begin. We cannot strike amiss. Put forth your hands at 
random and seize upon any object and you will find the state- 
ment true. The sun itself was once a nebula, embracing all 
the planets, primary and secondary ; now by successive con- 
densation it has became a sun. The earth was once chaos, 
now it is an inhabitable world. Once it was without life, then 
the humblest, simplest forms of vegetable and animal life ap- 
peared, finally it became fit for the dwelling place of man. It 
is still progressing. Geology constantly reveals this law. 
Every individual class, genus, and species, grows upward 
toward perfection, nor disappears till a higher takes its place. 
It is so with races, nations, families, individuals. Exceptions 
are limited, temporary, and only ebbings in the onward sweep- 
ing tide. It is the life, the idea of everything, to subsist and 
make the most of itself. 

Now man is no exception to this law. At present he is the 
crowning illustration of this divine determination. The best 
of men, the wisest of men entertain this faith. 

It becomes then the great problem of the ages, the great 
effort of thinking, self-controlling, willing and acting man, to 



determine what is the ideal of humanity, individually and gen- 
erally, and to strive towards the attainment of the grand ideal. 
If man is only an instrument, like the earth, the ocean, or like 
an inferior animal, then he need not trouble himself with such 
investigations, but unwittingly and by necessity he will work 
out his destiny. Some future investigators of a higher order 
will study the geology of the planet, and tracing the upward 
progress from the long azoic ages through palaeontological 
periods, finally culminating in the removal of the genus man 
and the introduction of its successor, will deny to the human 
race any mind that differed from his predecessors in nature, but 
only in degree. But we do not so read man. It is not self- 
love, but fact, that reveals to us in our race something more 
than instinct, and something higher than an animal life. The 
great intelligence of the universe seems to have formed in us 
a finite representative, an intellect, a sympathy, a will. 

Now confessedly religion is the central, most vital, and most 
noble part of our nature. It must be properly developed in an 
individual man or he is deficient, an empty shell, form without 
substance, dead. No other element of nature can be substi- 
tuted for this ; no other can perform its functions or supply its 
place. 

This general fact could be illustrated by innumerable instan- 
ces. The intelligent and discriminating study of biography 
will establish this proposition. How can we decide a practical 
question but by facts ? 

It is a remarkable fact that usually men, however renowned 
and however great, in the evening of their life, look back upon 
their career as useless and vain unless they have been anima- 
ted by christian hope and faith. In how many such instances 
has the sun gone down in sorrov/, and the evening darkness 
has been full of gloom and dread ! And how unnecessary is 
it to refer to instances of the opposite character ! Call it a 
delusion if you will, but if so, how pleasing the delusion that 
hovers around the departure of a noble, well-developed christ- 
ian! But can that be a delusion which is so universal and so 
perfectly in harmony with the highest aspirations of our nature, 
and with the grandest ideal of humanity ? 



Christianity has introduced a new department into literature 
— a glowing and glorious description of death. The good man 
looks back upon life with gratitude, frequently with delight. 
His departure is like the setting of the sun, cloudless, or the 
clouds are gorgeous with the molten gold of heaven. 

The same principle is confirmed by the estimation of the 
life and character of great men entertained by careful observers. 
It is impossible for ns to accord unhesitating and unmingled 
approval and admiration to any other than a christian life. 
However acuta the perceptions, abundant the information, 
original the thoughts, majestic the mental character, and pow- 
erful the iniiuence of a man, if he was destitute of christian 
faith, hope and impulse, you cannot accord to hinj. unmingled 
admiration, nor would you deem his characteristics as a whole 
desirable for yourself. I respect the maxim, De raortids nil 
nisi lomcm dice^ or I might confirm this sentiment by a strict 
examinalion of some of the highest names of men w^ho stood 
aloof from genuine Christian life. I doubt not that often Vol- 
taire has been mentioned in the Christian pulpit Avithout a just 
appreciation of his transcendent ability and influence, and with 
some perhaps unchristian but very natural indignation, excited 
by his own foolish and blasphemous expressions about Christ, 
and yet in tlie present light of dispassionate truth w^ould any 
man approve his miserly disposition, his deception, and even 
lying and forgery, and does any one doubt that his ability, tem- 
pered and controlled by christian principle, might have accom- 
plished as much for criticism aud philosophy, and infinitely 
more for humanity and himself? Would it not have been bet- 
ter for the great critic and genius, Lessing, ifin addition to the 
christian spirit and integrity which were the result of his early 
religious education, he had always maintained the highest per- 
sonal rectitude and strong christian faith and habits of worship? 
Did such men as Kepler and Xewton and Faraday lose any- 
thing — nay did they not gain infinitely by their genuine christ- 
ian character ? 

It is very evident that men of thought and culture are ex- 
posed to peculiar and strong temptations to evil. These 



10 

temptations are not so mucli through the avenue of the intel- 
lect, as of the passions and the conduct. There is but little 
danger in the freest thought, if the heart loves purity and the 
soul acknowledges and cultivates allegiance to the holy God. 
Thought must be free. It is like light, if interfered with it is 
destroyed or gives distorted pictures, but there is a right and a 
normal way in which it should be exercised — and when free, 
sooner or later that way willbe found. 

I close this argument then with the conclusion — since man 
should aim at perfection, and since man's perfection implies 
religion, educated young men should cultivate religion. 

The second argument which. I adduce to fortify my proposi- 
tion, is the duty of educated young men to improve gradually 
and constantly the public opinion of the age in which they 
live. As students of history, you are familiar with the fact that 
every age has a certain style of thinking and feeling, omni- 
present, and sometimes seemingly almost omnipotent. Bacon 
believed in witchciaft, and though enunciating and eulogizing 
induction, often in his own opinions violated its tenets. The 
Puritans persecuted. But I need not multiply instances. Itis 
an established canon of historical criticism, that no man is to be 
judged by the intellectual or moral standard of an age subse- 
quent to that ill which he lived. Men out of harmony with the. 
grand thoughts and enterprises of their times, seldom accom- 
plish much for themselves or the world. But there is a world- 
wide difference between leadership in an age,towards improve- 
ment, and a passive submission to the current. This distinction 
is vital, and infinite in its exposition of character. ISTor is it 
easy to determine by outward connections or professions the 
position of a man on this matter. The grand stream of the age 
has many minor currents and eddies, seemingly antagonistic 
when really in harmony, and sometimes what seems to oppose 
is really promoting the onward flow. In the operations of 
modern warfare, advancing armies build their ov/n roads and 
lay down their own railways. So does humanity advance. 
The deflection from an old course must not be too abrupt, or 
all that has been done heretofore will be lost, but it must always 



11 

be in tlie right direction. Often the improvement is almost 
imperceptible. 

Now this age is contending for a rapid demolition of all 
barriers against the highest possible development of all human 
beings. Its motto is, ail rights for r.ll. Its crusade is, not to 
deliver the holy land where Christ lived and died, but every 
human soul for which Christ lived and died. It aifects to be 
governed by justice and love. It seeks how to benefit oppress- 
ed classes and races, and forces upon them privileges faster 
than they ask for them, and before they are trained to use them. 
It puts fire-arms into the bands of children. It launches child- 
races out on the deep in steamships before they have learned 
navigation, or how to manage steam engines, or the more diffi- 
cult art of self-control. The consequence will be the rapid 
destruction of the weak and the rapid development of the 
teachable and strong. Xothiug is so cruel as philanthropy 
when it outruns the capacity of its beneficiaries to be profited 
by its indulgenceSo It is likely, therefore, that the next cen- 
tury will witness and record the extinction of more races and 
languages tban any century past. But humanity will thereby 
assume a higher type. 

But whatever these developments may be, one thing is sure, 
truth is unalterable and eternal. Truth necessitates religion. 
Chnstianity is the true religion. Its forms of presentation and 
its machinery of power may vary, but its essence and vitality 
are the same. If you believe as I do, that the teachings of 
Christ never can become obsolete, that the impulses to integ- 
rity which they awaken are needed in all ages by all men, that 
without them any societary arrangements, any human institu- 
tions, however wisely planned, will soon become corrupt and 
destructive of the dearest interests of man, then you will feel 
the increased obligation to cultivate genuine piety in this age 
so full of courage and momentum. 

Leadership in society depends largely on native endowments, 
embracing both mind and body. The man of a large or com- 
pact and powerful brain, sustained by a good digestion and an 
extraordinary amount of that mysterious energy called vitality, 



12 

if weak in no essential faculty and not too eccentric to move 
in a cliannel where others can follow, is sure to be a leader. If 
poor, he will be likely to achieve sufficient riches to accomplish 
his end ; if uneducated he will master, out of the schools, the 
enginery of thought and eloquence sufficiently to impress other 
men. Schools cannot produce such men nor destroy them. 
They are poets — not scribblers of rhyme or blank verse — ^but 
makers, creators of institutions, organizations, powers. They 
are born, not made. 

But to such men education is an augmentation of power. It 
is machinery which only an engineer can use. It is a sword 
or a rifle, or a pen, whicli owes its value to the skill of the 
user. 

One of the peculiar advantages of the higher institutions of 
learning in a free country, is their attractive power over such 
men. Many who have ability and a desire to use it in a certain 
way, are instmctively drawn into colleges and universities. It 
is not surj) rising, therefore, that facts show that so large a pre- 
ponderance of the leaders of opinion are systematically edu- 
cated men. This does notarise wholly from the power of edu- 
cation, but from the tending of a certain class of men to obtain 
education. Upon them rests the responsibility of national 
character. They are to guide the popular mind. They are to 
give expression and form to the demands of this age. 

Shall this nation become corrupt, heartless, imbecile? Shall 
it be destitute of high aims and a profound faith ? Shall the 
people seek only sensual gratification? Shall the ineradicable 
distinctions between right and wrong be oveilooked, and shall 
those profoimdcst thoughts and hojies which have animated the 
strongest souls of all ages be pronounced obsolete and useless? 
These questions young men of education must answer. They 
must be prepared to combat error in theory, and must demon- 
strate by practice the inlinite value of truth. They must ex- 
perience and therefore know the A'aluc of the teachings of 
Christ. 

Let it not be supposed that a nation cannot perish. What 
is a nation in the sight of God? God, with an eternity to 



13 

work ill, can afford to be as lavish of nations as of men ! 
Scores of them have died, and now occupy nameless graves 
without a monument. If it shall deserve it, our nation will 
have such a fate. 

Another argument which I adduce to fortify my main propo- 
sition, is the essential weakness and inevitable collapse and 
rum of any other foundation either for essential positive use- 
fulness, a desirable reputation, or the highest eternal good. 

If this assertion is dogmatic, it is nevertheless justifiable 
and right. The world must not always be peopled by children. 
It is time for a generation emancipated from the puerilities 
and bubble-blowing, air-castle building, ambitions of infidels. 
Every generation smce the advent of Christ, has presented a 
new swarm of these fancy architects— men " ever learning and 
never coming to a knowledge of the truth." It would require 
the research of a devoted antiquarian to unearth from the rub- 
bish of past ages the relics of these conceits. Many of them 
have evaporated and left no trace behind. Many of them are 
mutually antagonistic, and literally devour each other. The 
history of fr^e thought, so called, is for the most part literally a 
history of folly. It is useful only to illustrate the boundless 
credulity of the human intellect so soon as it forsakes the great 
primal truths of the reason, and the gi-eat revealed facts of the 
Bible. The devotee of the new ambition fancies that he can 
buhd up society on a new foundation, that he can secure fruit 
vrithout the legitunate stock upon which only it can grow, makes 
his experiment, passes away, and is forgotten. Among the 
latest instances of the kind is the miscalled "positive j^hil- 
osoj)hy," based on the radical error that every human soul in 
its normal development assumes three tjq^es as distinct as the 
larva, chrysalis and the fly, and that society assumes the same 
thi-ee types, the last only being perfect. In fact, manhood 
never loses the elements of childhood. The first appearmg 
energies of the soul are even the most valuable, and never to 
be superseded. Faith has its office in the beginning and wiU 
never lose its oflice. If repressed in its proper development it 
will assume some wild irregular manifestation. As if to illus- 



14 

trate the folly of this theory which for a brief hour assumed to 
be a nova mstau?rUio, its author sank into imbecility, and be- 
came the victim and hierophant of a suj^erstition not surpassed 
in folly by the grossest fetichism of ancient Egypt or modern 
Dahomey; and his philosophy which once swelled bubble-like 
into the dimensions of the sun, reflecting the colors of a rain- 
bow, will hereafter be described in cyclopedias in a paragraph, 
among the defunct follies of the past. 

Would you exert a permanent positive influence for good, 
array yourself among those who stand upon and defend the 
great central truths of God. These are certainly presented in 
the inspired instructions constituting the Holy Scriptures. 
These cannot be comprehended except by those who humbly, 
earnestly reduce to practice their divine teachings. These, too, 
are not yet exhausted in their signification or power. Erron- 
eous interpretations and especially defective and partial inter- 
pretations may be current, and need improvement. On them 
stand — and you can never fall, for they are eternal. 

How stimulatmg to all the noblest aspirations of manhood is 
it to be an American! How many born in other lands become 
Americans from choice ! Where is there such a prodigality of 
experimentations, where so great a demand for truth ? Where 
BO grand a prospect for the future ? 

And yet nations perish. Races perish. Some, perhaps, are 
utterly forgotten and unknown. By the law of perspective, 
present ages always seem fraught with most momentous inter- 
ests, but it is something more than nearness of view that im- 
presses us with the magnitude of the problems about to be 
practically solved on these shores before the dawn of the twen- 
tieth century. There are some particulars in which America is 
not so desirable a home for scholars as the oldest nations of 
Europe. We have not here so exquisite a culture in art or even 
in science. The modern Athens of the world is not on our 
shores. Students from all lands do not resort hither *to com- 
plete then* education. The division of scientific and literary 
labor is not here so minute as in France and Germany. The 
leaders in the professions are not yet American. Our best 



15 

books are translations or republications. Our scholars resort 
to Em*ope to complete their education. But here we have the 
largest field m which to apply the latest results. Here is 
furnished the largest market for the best books. Here the 
average of culture is highest. Here the dreams of theorists 
are subjected to the best practical tests. Here scholarship is 
rendered robust by the most vigorous contest with its foes. 
Here, more than elsewhere, perhaps, the truth of God is com- 
pelled to stand on its owm merit, and calls for the ablest de- 
fenders. 

We have just passed through a contest that has awakened 
the most mtense interest of the civilized world. Many of our 
scholars have laid down the book and the pen, and taken up 
the rifle and the sword. Some who began the college Hfe with 
you have fallen in battle and others have survived many a hard 
fought contest. Your Alma Mater has sent out nearly fifteen 
hundred of its students and alumni to fight for the Union — as 
was becoming, the largest number from any American Univer- 
sity. Their heroism will never be forgotten. Their names 
shall yet be chiseled on marble, and will be imperishable in the 
archives of the University. 

But the hardest part of the strife is yet before us. You need 
not envy them their opportunity to win rapid promotion and 
eternal admiration. What they fought for is now to be perpet- 
uated by Christianity. This and this only is the bulwark of 
our nation's safety. Christian charity, Christian enterprise, 
Christian doctrine. The destmy of our nation is not to be de- 
cided by its geography, but by the intellectual and moral char- 
acter of its people. The current of thought and feelmg among 
us is not a Mississippi torrent decided in its direction by a val- 
ley scooped out in prehistoric times, or by the configuration of 
the land, but by the thoughts wdiich shall be generated and 
fostered by the leaders of the people. You are responsible for 
your faith and your life. Upon you a large portion of the na- 
tion's responsibility shall rest. Will you strive to fulfill your 
mission ? I doubt it not. 

I had purposed to present as a fitting conclusion of this dis- 
course several dangers which beset the scholar, but I forbear to 



16 



we^om- patience now. Permit me in conclusion to offer a 
few remarks of a more personal character. This is the first 
class, dm-ing my present connection with the University, whose 
entire college Ufe I have heen permitted to observe. I have 
been aware of yom- progress term by term from the beginning. 
I have seen yoiu- ranks occasionally diminished, and closed up 
acain and re-enforeed. Your influence has always been m be- 
half of industry, temperance, respect for order and culture and 
Christianity. If you have a respectful remembrance of the 
authorities of the University, be assured it is reciprocated by 
an appreciation of your hearty cooperation with us. Not only 
the warmest wishes of the faculty, but their largest expecta- 
tions of your success attend you. May the benediction ot God 
rest upon you, and be your eternal reward. ^ 

You came hither from different parts of our country iiavmg 
received by inheritance and choice, different political and reli- 
<rious views. No efforthas been made to reduce you to the same 
model You have been educated, not trained. While you are 
more comprehensive and liberal, I trust also that you see more 
clearly and feel more vividly the value of the prunal prmci- 
ples of truth, which it seems to be the great object of God to 
reveal more and more to the honest and obedient. As you 
have learned, now endeavor to work. Look higher than to 
distinction or honor, or wealth. Seek to show to others the 
right way. Ask of God for wisdom, and you cannot fail. 



i 



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